Die Haplogruppen

Ich versuche mal im Folgenden, die Frage verstaendlich zu beantworten, ob es in der heutigen Bevoelkerung der kanarischen Inseln Nachkommen der Urbevoelkerunhg (Altkanarier) gibt und wie die Informationen dazu erlangt worden sind. Erst mal ganz allgemein: Es kann ein bedeutender Anteil nachgewiesen werden. Bei den Frauen deutlich mehr als bei den Maennern.

Da die Altkanarier ihre Toten zum Teil mumifizierten, konnten aufschlussreiche Untersuchungen vorgenommen werden. Die Untersuchungen von altkanarischen Mumien und von Skeletts aus der Zeit vor der Conquista – von DNA (genetisches Material) aus Mitochondrien und solcher vom Y-Chromosom – ergaben, dass sowohl berbertypische Merkmale als auch solche, die für Menschen suedlich der Sahara, im Mittelmeerraum sowie aus Westeuropa charakteristisch sind, in der Urbevoelkerung der Kanaren vorkamen.

Es werden bei der Darstellung der Ergebnisse die Begriffe „Haplotyp“ und „Haplogruppe“ verwendet, die ich erst mal hier einfuehren moechte. In der Molekularen Evolution bedeutet eine Haplogruppe (aus dem Griechischen: ἁπλούς, haploûs, "einfach") eine Gruppe von genetisch aehnlichen Typen, die einen gemeinsamen Vorfahren haben und dieselbe Mutation eines einzigen Nukleotids (DNA-Baustein) in ihrem genetischen Material enthalten. Haplotyp, Zusammensetzung aus haploid und Genotyp, bezeichnet den genetischen Aufbau eines individuellen Chromosoms. Haplogruppen sind den Haplotypen uebergeordnete Einheiten und bestehen in der Regel aus mehreren verwandten Haplotypen.

Jede mensch­li­che Zelle be­sitzt ei­nen Zell­kern - mit dem genetischen Material - sowie ver­schie­de­ne Zell­or­ga­nellen. Zu den Zellorganellen ge­hoe­ren die Mi­to­chon­drien. Die Mi­to­chon­drien be­sit­zen eine ei­gene Erb­sub­stanz, die mi­to­chon­driale DNA oder mtDNA. Die mtDNA mu­tiert - ebenso wie die im Zellkern - in re­gel­maessi­gen Zeit­ab­staen­den. Die Art und Weise der Mu­ta­tio­nen er­moeg­licht Rueck­schluesse auf die Zeit ih­rer (der Mutation) Ent­ste­hung, man spricht von ei­ner mo­le­ku­la­ren Uhr.

Die Mu­ta­tio­nen der mtDNA koen­nen zur Auf­klaerung von Ab­stam­mungs­li­nien ge­nutzt wer­den, je mehr Mu­ta­tio­nen vor­han­den sind, desto laen­ger hat die Ent­wick­lungs­zeit ge­dau­ert. Grundlage fuer solche Untersuchungen ist die Tatsache, daß das Y-Chromosom nur vom Vater an die Söhne und die mitochondriale DNA (mtDNA) nur von der Mutter an ihre Kinder weiter gegeben wird.

Dar­ueber­hin­aus koen­nen Aus­sa­gen ueber Wanderungen, Ver­draen­gung oder Ver­mi­schung von Po­pu­la­tio­nen ab­ge­lei­tet wer­den. Die Mu­ta­tio­nen wer­den in Haplo­grup­pen ein­ge­teilt. Ei­nige Haplogrup­pen fin­den sich nur un­ter Eu­ro­paeern, an­dere vor­wie­gend in den Mittelmeerlaendern, oder nur in Afrika. Dar­aus er­ge­ben sich Hin­weise auf die Ent­wick­lung und die Ver­brei­tung des Men­schen, so­wohl raeum­lich als auch zeit­lich.

 

Der Anteil von Altkanariern bei den Vorfahren der heutigen Kanarier

Die Daten über spezifische Mutationen im Genom von Altkanarieren (DNA aus Zaehnen von Skeletten / Mumien) wurde verglichen mit dem genetischen Zustand der heutigen Kanarier, der Nordwestafrikaner, der Menschen auf der Peninsula (Iberianer) und der sued-westlich der Sahara lebenden Menschen. Es konnten Aussagen ueber die Aehnlichkeit / die Unterschiede von Altkanariern mit den anderen Gruppen gemacht werden. 
 

Anteil an der heutigen Bevoelkerung auf den Kanaren mit Altkanarier-Vorfahren
          Vor Conquista    17. - 18. Jhdt          heute
Maenner           100%           31+/- 14%          16+/-4,6%
        Frauen           100%           40+/-23%           42+/-16%       

In der heutigen Bevoelkerung der kanarischen Inseln gibt es einen bedeutenden Anteil von Nachkommen der kanarischen Urbevoelkerung (Altkanarier). Bei den Frauen deutlich mehr als bei den Maennern. Mindestens 42% der Frauen und 16% der Maenner auf den Kanarischen Inseln stammen von den Urkanariern ab. Noch um 1700 n.Chr. waren es bei den Maennern ca. 31%. Sie wurden nicht ausgerottet.

Der Wert fuer die Maenner koennte hoeher sein, weil in der hier zugrunde liegenden Studie das Vorkommen von E-M78 bei den Altkanariern als berbertypisches Merkmal gewertet wurde. Das ist aber nicht zulaessig, weil Cruciani (HUMAN MUTATION Mutation in Brief #916 (2006) / Online / Molecular Dissection of the Y Chromosome Haplogroup E-M78 (E3b1a): A Posteriori Evaluation of a Microsatellite-Network-Based Approach Through Six New Biallelic Markers. Fulvio Cruciani et al.) nachgewiesen hat, dass es eine Untergruppe von E-M78 gibt - E-M78α - die europaeischen Ursprungs ist. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass es diese Gruppe identisch mit E-V13 ist.

Außerdem kommt die Haplogruppe E-M78 bei den verschiedenen Berbergruppen nur selten vor (siehe Vorfahren der Guanchen). Bei den Mozabite Berbern findet sich an Anteil 1,5%
und allein bei den Imazigen auf Djerba findet sich mit 17% ein bedeutender Anteil an E-M78.

Literatur hierzu
BMC Evolutionary Biology 9 (2009) 181
Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European
Rosa Fregel*1, Verónica Gomes2,3, Leonor Gusmão2, Ana M González1, Vicente M Cabrera1, António Amorim2 and Jose M Larruga1; Email: Rosa Fregel* - rfregel@gmail.com
1 Department of Genetics, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, La Laguna, 38271 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
2 Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal and 3Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Haplogruppen auf dem männlichen Y-Chromosom.

Background: The origin and prevalence of the prehispanic settlers of the Canary Islands has attracted great multidisciplinary interest. However, direct ancient DNA genetic studies on indigenous and historical 17th–18th century remains, using mitochondrial DNA as a female marker, have only recently been possible. In the present work, the analysis of Y-chromosome polymorphisms in the same samples, has shed light on the way the European colonization affected male and female Canary Island indigenous genetic pools, from the conquest to present-day times.

Results: Autochthonous (E-M81) and prominent (E-M78 and J-M267) Berber Y-chromosome lineages were detected in the indigenous remains, confirming a North West African origin for their ancestors which confirms previous mitochondrial DNA results. However, in contrast with their female lineages, which have survived in the present-day population (42%) since the conquest with only a moderate decline, the male indigenous lineages have dropped constantly (16%) being substituted by European lineages. Male and female sub-Saharan African genetic inputs were also detected in the Canary population, but their frequencies were higher during the 17th–18th centuries than today.

Conclusion: The European colonization of the Canary Islands introduced a strong sex-biased change in the indigenous population in such a way that indigenous female lineages survived in the extant population in a significantly higher proportion than their male counterparts.

 

European Journal of Human Genetics 12 (2004) 155 – 162
Ancient mtDNA analysis and the origin of the Guanches
Nicole Maca-Meyer 1, Matilde Arnay 2, Juan Carlos Rando 1, Carlos Flores 1,3,
Ana M Gonzalez 1, Vicente M Cabrera 1 and Jose M Larruga*,1́
1 Departamento de Gene ́tica, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; 2 Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; 3 Unidad de Investigacio Hospital Universitario NS de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain

 

Haplogruppen auf mitochondrialer weiblicher DNA.

The prehistoric colonisation of the Canary Islands by the Guanches (native Canarians) woke up great expectation about their origin, since the Europeans conquest of the Archipelago. Here, we report mitochondrial DNA analysis (HVRI sequences and RFLPs) of aborigine remains around 1000 years old. The sequences retrieved show that the Guanches possessed U6b1 lineages that are in the present day Canarian population, but not in Africans. In turn, U6b, the phylogenetically closest ancestor found in Africa, is not present in the Canary Islands. Comparisons with other populations relate the Guanches with the actual inhabitants of the Archipelago and with Moroccan Berbers. This shows that, despite the continuous changes suffered by the population (Spanish colonisation, slave trade), aboriginal mtDNA lineages constitute a considerable proportion of the Canarian gene pool. Although the Berbers are the most probable ancestors of the Guanches, it is deduced that important human movements have reshaped Northwest Africa after the migratory wave to the Canary Islands.

BMC Genetics 4 (2003) 15-26
Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography
Nicole Maca-Meyer1, Ana M González1, José Pestano2, Carlos Flores1, José M Larruga1 and Vicente M Cabrera*1

1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, SPAIN
2 Laboratorio de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, SPAIN . Email: Nicole Maca-Meyer - nmacame@ull.es; Ana M González - amglez@ull.es; José Pestano - jpestano@dbbf.ulpgc.es; Carlos Flores - cflores@ull.es; José M Larruga - jlarruga@ull.es; Vicente M Cabrera* - vcabrera@ull.es

Background: World-wide phylogeographic distribution of human complete mitochondrial DNA sequences suggested a West Asian origin for the autochthonous North African lineage U6. We report here a more detailed analysis of this lineage, unraveling successive expansions that affected not only Africa but neighboring regions such as the Near East, the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands.

Results: Divergence times, geographic origin and expansions of the U6 mitochondrial DNA clade, have been deduced from the analysis of 14 complete U6 sequences, and 56 different haplotypes, characterized by hypervariable segment sequences and RFLPs.

Conclusions: The most probable origin of the proto-U6 lineage was the Near East. Around 30,000 years ago it spread to North Africa where it represents a signature of regional continuity. Subgroup U6a reflects the first African expansion from the Maghrib returning to the east in Paleolithic times. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from East Africa back to the Maghrib and the Near East. This migration coincides with the probable Afroasiatic linguistic expansion. U6b and U6c clades, restricted to West Africa, had more localized expansions. U6b probably reached the Iberian Peninsula during the Capsian diffusion in North Africa. Two autochthonous derivatives of these clades (U6b1 and U6c1) indicate the arrival of North African settlers to the Canarian Archipelago in prehistoric times, most probably due to the Saharan desiccation. The absence of these Canarian lineages nowadays in Africa suggests important demographic movements in the western area of this Continent.

 

 

Ann. Hum. Genet. 63 (1999) 413–428
Phylogeographic patterns of mtDNA reflecting the colonization of the Canary Islands
J. C. RANDO", V. M. CABRERA", J. M. LARRUGA", M. HERNANDEZ", A. M. GONZALEZ", F. PINTO" H.-J. BANDELT#
" Departamento de GeneT tica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38271 La Laguna, Tenerife
# Mathematisches Seminar, Universitat Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany

Although the Canary Islands were settled by humans, possibly of Berber origin, as late as 2.500 years ago, the precise course and numbers of early migrations to the archipelago remain controversial. We have therefore analysed mtDNA variation (HVS-I as well as selected RFLP sites) in 300 individuals from the seven Canary Islands. The distribution and variation across the islands in a specific mtDNA clade of Northwest African ancestry suggest that there was one dominant initial settlement process that affected all the islands, from east to west. This indicates that a certain (33%) genetic affinity of present-day Canary Islanders to Northwest African Berbers mainly stems from the autochthonous population rather than slaves captured on the neighbouring African coast.

Annals of Human Genetics 60 (1996) 321-330
Genetic relationship between the Canary Islanders and their African and Spanish ancestors inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences
F. PINTO, A. M. GONZÁLEZ, M. HERNáNDEZ, J.M. LARRUGA and V.M. CABRERA
Nucleotide sequences of the hypervariable segment I of the control region of the mtDNA were determined in 101 individuals: 54 Canary Islanders, 18 North African Berbers, 18 Spanish mainlanders and 11 sub-Saharan Guineans. In spite of the fact that only members of the Fang tribe were analysed, nucleotide diversity in Guineans (θ× 100 = 2·33)is one of the highest found in African populations.

Estimates of genetic contribution to the Canarians from their putative parental populations based on mtDNA (43,25% ± 1,38 Berbers, 35,54 ± 0,55% Spanish, 21,21 ± 1,92% Guineans) showed an important North African substrate. These mtDNA results, when compared with data based on nuclear markers, point to a strong male-female asymmetry, 75% of the Spanish nuclear contribution was due to males and practically all the Berber and Guinean was due to females. These results are in agreement with the way that the Canary Islands were conquered.

 

European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (2009) 1314–1324
The maternal aborigine colonization of La Palma
Rosa Fregel*,1, Jose Pestano2, Matilde Arnay3, Vicente M Cabrera1, Jose M Larruga1 and Ana M Gonzalez 1́
1 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Biologıa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife
2 Laboratorio de Prehistoria, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife
3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

Teeth from 38 aboriginal remains of La Palma (Canary Islands) were analyzed for external and endogenous mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and for diagnostic coding positions. Informative sequences were obtained from 30 individuals (78.9%). The majority of lineages (93%) were from West Eurasian origin, being the rest (7%) from sub-Saharan African ascription. The bulk of the aboriginal haplotypes had exact matches in North Africa (70%). However, the indigenous Canarian sub-type U6b1, also detected in La Palma, has not yet been found in North Africa, the cradle of the U6 expansion. The most abundant H1 clade in La Palma, defined by transition 16260, is also very rare in North Africa. This means that the exact region from which the ancestors of the Canarian aborigines came has not yet been sampled or that they have been replaced by later human migrations. The high gene diversity found in La Palma (95.2±2.3), which is one of the farthest islands from the African continent, is of the same level than the previously found in the central island of Tenerife (92.4±2.8). This is against the supposition that the islands were colonized from the continent by island hopping and posterior isolation. On the other hand, the great similarity found between the aboriginal populations of La Palma and Tenerife is against the idea of an island-by-island independent maritime colonization without secondary contacts. Our data better fit to an island model with frequent migrations between islands.

 

Haplogruppenhaeufigkeit bei männlicher Y-Chromosom DNA.